| The World Factbook | ||
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Iraq |
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| Introduction | Iraq |
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Background:
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Formerly part of the Ottoman Empire, Iraq was occupied by Britain during the course of World War I; in 1920, it was declared a League of Nations mandate under UK administration. In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military strongmen ruled the country, the latest was SADDAM Husayn. Territorial disputes with Iran led to an inconclusive and costly eight-year war (1980-88). In August 1990, Iraq seized Kuwait, but was expelled by US-led, UN coalition forces during the Gulf War of January-February 1991. Following Kuwait's liberation, the UN Security Council (UNSC) required Iraq to scrap all weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles and to allow UN verification inspections. Continued Iraqi noncompliance with UNSC resolutions over a period of 12 years led to the US-led invasion of Iraq in March 2003 and the ouster of the SADDAM Husayn regime. Coalition forces remain in Iraq, helping to restore degraded infrastructure and facilitating the establishment of a freely elected government, while simultaneously dealing with a robust insurgency. The Coalition Provisional Authority, which temporarily administered Iraq after the invasion, transferred full governmental authority on 28 June 2004, to the Iraqi Interim Government (IG), which governed under the Transitional Administrative Law for Iraq (TAL). Under the TAL, elections for a 275-member Transitional National Assembly (TNA) were held in Iraq on 30 January 2005. Following these elections, the Iraqi Transitional Government (ITG) assumed office. The TNA was charged with drafting Iraq's permanent constitution, which was approved in a 15 October 2005 constitutional referendum. An election under the constitution for a 275-member Council of Representatives (CoR) was held in December 2005. The CoR approval in the selection of most of the cabinet ministers on 20 May 2006 marked the transition from the ITG to Iraq's full-term government. |
| Geography | Iraq |
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Location:
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Middle East, bordering the Persian Gulf, between Iran and Kuwait |
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Geographic coordinates:
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33 00 N, 44 00 E |
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Map references:
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Middle East |
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Area:
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total: 437,072 sq km
land: 432,162 sq km water: 4,910 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly more than twice the size of Idaho |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 3,650 km
border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km |
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Coastline:
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58 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: not specified |
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Climate:
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mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq |
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Terrain:
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mostly broad plains; reedy marshes along Iranian border in south with large flooded areas; mountains along borders with Iran and Turkey |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Persian Gulf 0 m
highest point: unnamed peak; 3,611 m; note - this peak is not Gundah Zhur 3,607 m or Kuh-e Hajji-Ebrahim 3,595 m |
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, phosphates, sulfur |
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Land use:
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arable land: 13.12%
permanent crops: 0.61% other: 86.27% (2005) |
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Irrigated land:
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35,250 sq km (2003) |
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Natural hazards:
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dust storms, sandstorms, floods |
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Environment - current issues:
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government water control projects have drained most of the inhabited marsh areas east of An Nasiriyah by drying up or diverting the feeder streams and rivers; a once sizable population of Marsh Arabs, who inhabited these areas for thousands of years, has been displaced; furthermore, the destruction of the natural habitat poses serious threats to the area's wildlife populations; inadequate supplies of potable water; development of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers system contingent upon agreements with upstream riparian Turkey; air and water pollution; soil degradation (salination) and erosion; desertification |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Law of the Sea
signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification |
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Geography - note:
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strategic location on Shatt al Arab waterway and at the head of the Persian Gulf |
| People | Iraq |
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Population:
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26,783,383 (July 2006 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 39.7% (male 5,398,645/female 5,231,760)
15-64 years: 57.3% (male 7,776,257/female 7,576,726) 65 years and over: 3% (male 376,700/female 423,295) (2006 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 19.7 years
male: 19.6 years female: 19.8 years (2006 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.66% (2006 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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31.98 births/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Death rate:
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5.37 deaths/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2006 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.89 male(s)/female total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2006 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 48.64 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 54.39 deaths/1,000 live births female: 42.61 deaths/1,000 live births (2006 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 69.01 years
male: 67.76 years female: 70.31 years (2006 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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4.18 children born/woman (2006 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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less than 500 (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA |
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Nationality:
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noun: Iraqi(s)
adjective: Iraqi |
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Ethnic groups:
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Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian or other 5% |
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Religions:
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Muslim 97% (Shi'a 60%-65%, Sunni 32%-37%), Christian or other 3% |
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Languages:
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Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 40.4% male: 55.9% female: 24.4% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Iraq |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Iraq
conventional short form: Iraq local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Iraqiyah local short form: Al Iraq |
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Government type:
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parliamentary democracy |
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Capital:
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name: Baghdad
geographic coordinates: 33 21 N, 44 25 E time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins 1 April; ends 1 October |
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Administrative divisions:
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18 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Anbar, Al Basrah, Al Muthanna, Al Qadisiyah, An Najaf, Arbil, As Sulaymaniyah, At Ta'mim, Babil, Baghdad, Dahuk, Dhi Qar, Diyala, Karbala', Maysan, Ninawa, Salah ad Din, Wasit |
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Independence:
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3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration); note - on 28 June 2004 the Coalition Provisional Authority transferred sovereignty to the Iraqi Interim Government |
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National holiday:
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Revolution Day, 17 July (1968); note - this holiday was celebrated under the SADDAM Husayn regime but the Iraqi Interim Government has yet to declare a new national holiday |
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Constitution:
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ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee to be completed by September 2007) |
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Legal system:
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based on European civil and Islamic law under the framework outlined in the Iraqi Constitution |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Jalal TALABANI (since 6 April 2005); Vice Presidents Adil ABD AL-MAHDI and Tariq al-HASHIMI (since 22 April 2006); note - the president and vice presidents comprise the Presidency Council)
head of government: Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI (since 20 May 2006); Deputy Prime Ministers Barham SALIH and Salam al-ZUBAI (since 20 May 2006) cabinet: 37 ministers appointed by the Presidency Council, plus Prime Minister Nuri al-MALIKI, and Deputy Prime Ministers Barham SALIH and Salam al-ZUBAI elections: held 15 December 2005 to elect a 275-member Council of Representatives |
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral Council of Representatives (consisting of 275 members elected by a closed-list, proportional representation system) and a Federation Council (membership not established and authorities undefined)
elections: held 15 December 2005 to elect a 275-member Council of Representatives that will finalize a permanent constitution; the Council of Representatives elected the Presidency Council and approved the Prime Minister election results: Council of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Unified Iraqi Alliance 41%, Kurdistan Alliance 22%, Tawafuq Coalition 15%, Iraqi National List 8%, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue 4%, others 10%; number of seats by party - Unified Iraqi Alliance 128, Kurdistan Alliance 53, Tawafuq Coalition 44, Iraqi National List 25, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue 11, others 14 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court appointed by the Prime Minister, confirmed by the Presidency Council |
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Political parties and leaders:
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Assyrian Democratic Movement [Yunadim KANNA]; Badr Organization [Hadi al-AMIRI]; Constitutional Monarchy Movement or CMM [Sharif Ali Bin al-HUSAYN]; Da'wa Party [Ibrahim al-JA'FARI]; General Conference of Iraqi People [Adnan al-DULAYMI]; Independent Iraqi Alliance or IIA [Falah al-NAQIB]; Iraqi Communist Party [Hamid al-MUSA]; Iraqi Front for National Dialogue [Salih al-MUTLAQ]; Iraqi Hizballah [Karim Mahmud al-MUHAMMADAWI]; Iraqi Independent Democrats or IID [Adnan PACHACHI, Mahdi al-HAFIZ]; Iraqi Islamic Party or IIP [Tariq al-HASHIMI]; Iraqi National Accord or INA [Ayad ALLAWI]; Iraqi National Congress or INC [Ahmad CHALABI]; Iraqi National Council for Dialogue or INCD [Khalaf Ulayan al-Khalifawi al-DULAYMI]; Iraqi National Unity Movement or INUM [Ahmad al-KUBAYSI, chairman]; Islamic Action Organization or IAO [Ayatollah Muhammad al-MUDARRISI]; Jama'at al Fadilah or JAF [Muhammad Ali al-YAQUBI]; Kurdistan Democratic Party or KDP [Masud BARZANI]; Kurdistan Islamic Union [Salah ad-Din Muhammad BAHA al-DIN]; National Reconciliation and Liberation Party [Mishan al-JABBURI]; Patriotic Union of Kurdistan or PUK [Jalal TALABANI]; Sadrist Trend [Muqtada al-SADR] (not an organized political party, but it fields independent candidates affiliated with Muqtada al-SADR); Supreme Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq or SCIRI [Abd al-Aziz al-HAKIM]
note: the Kurdistan Alliance, Iraqi National List, Tawafuq Coalition, Iraqi Front for National Dialogue, and Unified Iraqi Alliance were only electoral slates consisting of the representatives from the various Iraqi political parties |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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an insurgency against the Government of Iraqi and Coalition forces is primarily concentrated in Baghdad and in areas west and north of the capital; the diverse, multigroup insurgency is led principally by Sunni Arabs whose only common denominator is a shared desire to oust the Coalition and end US influence in Iraq; a number of predominantly Shia militias, some of which are associated with political parties, challenge governmental authority in Baghdad and southern Iraq |
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, LAS, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Samir Shakir al-SUMAYDI
chancery: 1801 P Street, NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: [1] (202) 483-7500 FAX: [1] (202) 462-5066 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Zalmay KHALILZAD
embassy: Baghdad mailing address: APO AE 09316 telephone: 00-1-240-553-0584 ext. 5340 or 5635; note - Consular Section FAX: NA |
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black with three green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the phrase ALLAHU AKBAR (God is Great) in green Arabic script - Allahu to the right of the middle star and Akbar to the left of the middle star - was added in January 1991 during the Persian Gulf crisis; similar to the flag of Syria, which has two stars but no script, Yemen, which has a plain white band, and that of Egypt which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band; design is based upon the Arab Liberation colors |
| Economy | Iraq |
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Economy - overview:
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Iraq's economy is dominated by the oil sector, which has traditionally provided about 95% of foreign exchange earnings. Iraq's seizure of Kuwait in August 1990, subsequent international economic sanctions, and damage from military action by an international coalition beginning in January 1991 drastically reduced economic activity. Although government policies supporting large military and internal security forces and allocating resources to key supporters of the regime hurt the economy, implementation of the UN's oil-for-food program, which began in December 1996, helped improve conditions for the average Iraqi citizen. Iraq was allowed to export limited amounts of oil in exchange for food, medicine, and some infrastructure spare parts. In December 1999, the UN Security Council authorized Iraq to export under the program as much oil as required to meet humanitarian needs. The military victory of the US-led coalition in March-April 2003 resulted in the shutdown of much of the central economic administrative structure. Although a comparatively small amount of capital plant was damaged during the hostilities, looting, insurgent attacks, and sabotage have undermined efforts to rebuild the economy. Attacks on key economic facilities - especially oil pipelines and infrastructure - have prevented Iraq from reaching projected export volumes, but total government revenues have been higher than anticipated due to high oil prices. Despite political uncertainty, Iraq is making some progress in building the institutions needed to implement economic policy and has concluded a debt reduction agreement with the Paris Club and a Standby Arrangement with the IMF. Iraq's economic prospects will depend on the government's ability to control inflation, to implement structural reforms such as bank restructuring, and to develop the private sector. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$94.1 billion (2005 est.) |
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$46.5 billion (2006 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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3.1% (2006 est.) |
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$1,900 (2006 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 7.3%
industry: 66.6% services: 26.1% (2004 est.) |
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Labor force:
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7.4 million (2004 est.) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: NA%
industry: NA% services: NA% |
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Unemployment rate:
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25% to 30% (2005 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA% |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA%
highest 10%: NA% |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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50% (2006 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $30.8 billion
expenditures: $34.6 billion; including capital expenditures of $5 billion (2006 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, dates, cotton; cattle, sheep, poultry |
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Industries:
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petroleum, chemicals, textiles, leather, construction materials, food processing, fertilizer, metal fabrication/processing |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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NA% |
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Electricity - production:
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31.7 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 98.4%
hydro: 1.6% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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33.3 billion kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2005) |
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Electricity - imports:
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2.02 billion kWh (2005) |
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Oil - production:
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2.093 million bbl/day; note - prewar production (in 2002) was 2.2 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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351,500 bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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1.42 million bbl/day (2005 est.) |
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Oil - imports:
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NA bbl/day (2005) |
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Oil - proved reserves:
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112.5 billion bbl (2006 est.) |
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Natural gas - production:
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1.75 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - consumption:
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1.75 billion cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - exports:
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0 cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2004 est.) |
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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3.115 trillion cu m (1 January 2005 est.) |
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Current account balance:
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$8.134 billion (2006 est.) |
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Exports:
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$32.19 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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crude oil 84%, crude materials excluding fuels 8%, food and live animals 5% |
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Exports - partners:
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US 49.7%, Italy 10.4%, Spain 6.3%, Canada 5.6% (2005) |
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Imports:
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$20.76 billion f.o.b. (2006 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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food, medicine, manufactures |
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Imports - partners:
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Turkey 23.3%, Syria 23%, US 11.6%, Jordan 6.2% (2005) |
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$15.65 billion (2006 est.) |
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Debt - external:
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$81.48 billion (2006 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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more than $33 billion in foreign aid pledged for 2004-07 (2004) |
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Currency (code):
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New Iraqi dinar (NID) as of 22 January 2004 |
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Currency code:
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NID, IQD prior to 22 January 2004 |
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Exchange rates:
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New Iraqi dinars per US dollar - 1,477.17 (2006), 1,475 (2005), 1,890 (second half, 2003), 0.3109 (2001) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Iraq |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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1,034,200 (2004) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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574,000 (2004) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: the 2003 war severely disrupted telecommunications throughout Iraq including international connections; USAID is overseeing the repair of switching capability and the construction of mobile and satellite communication facilities
domestic: repairs to switches and lines destroyed during the 2003 war continue, but sabotage remains a problem; additional switching capacity is improving access; cellular service is available and centered on three regional GSM networks, improving country-wide connectivity international: country code - 964; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 1 Arabsat (inoperative); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Jordan, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey; despite a new satellite gateway, international calls outside of Baghdad remain problematic |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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after 17 months of unregulated media growth, there are approximately 80 radio stations on the air inside Iraq (2004) |
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Radios:
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4.85 million (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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21 (2004) |
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Televisions:
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1.75 million (1997) |
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Internet country code:
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.iq |
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Internet hosts:
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5 (2006) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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36,000 (2005) |
| Transportation | Iraq |
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Airports:
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110 (2006) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 77
over 3,047 m: 20 2,438 to 3,047 m: 37 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 9 (2006) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 33
over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 4 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 914 to 1,523 m: 13 under 914 m: 10 (2006) |
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Heliports:
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8 (2006) |
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Pipelines:
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gas 2,228 km; liquid petroleum gas 918 km; oil 5,506 km; refined products 1,637 km (2006) |
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Railways:
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total: 2,200 km
standard gauge: 2,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2005) |
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Roadways:
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total: 45,550 km
paved: 38,399 km unpaved: 7,151 km (1999) |
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Waterways:
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5,279 km
note: Euphrates River (2,815 km), Tigris River (1,899 km), and Third River (565 km) are principal waterways (2004) |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 13 ships (1000 GRT or over) 67,796 GRT/101,317 DWT
by type: cargo 11, petroleum tanker 2 (2006) |
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Ports and terminals:
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Al Basrah, Khawr az Zubayr, Umm Qasr |
| Military | Iraq |
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Military branches:
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Iraqi Armed Forces: Iraqi Regular Army (includes Iraqi Special Operations Force, Iraqi Intervention Force), Iraqi Navy (former Iraqi Coastal Defense Force), Iraqi Air Force (former Iraqi Army Air Corps) (2005) |
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Military service age and obligation:
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all volunteer force; the Iraqi Government is creating a new professional Iraqi military force of men aged 18 to 40 to defend Iraq from external threats and the current insurgency (2006) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 5,870,640
females age 18-49: 5,642,073 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 4,930,074
females age 18-49: 4,771,105 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower reaching military service age annually:
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males age 18-49: 198,518
females age 18-49: 289,879 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$1.34 billion (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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NA |
| Transnational Issues | Iraq |
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Disputes - international:
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coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring boundary security; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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refugees (country of origin): 22,711 (Palestinian Territories)
IDPs: 1 million (ongoing US-led war and Kurds' subsequent return) (2005) |
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This page was last updated on 18 January, 2007 |