二、躯干骨及连结 Second, the torso bones and links
躯干骨包括椎骨、胸骨和肋，共51块。 Trunk bones including vertebrae, sternum and ribs, a total of 51. 借骨连结构成脊柱和胸廓。 Constituted by connecting the spine and chest bone.
（一）脊柱 (A) of the spine
1． 1. 椎骨 Vertebra
(1)名称及数目：成人椎骨26块，包括颈椎7块、胸椎12块、腰椎5块、骶骨1块（由5块骶椎融合而成）、尾骨1块（由4块尾椎融合而成）。 (1) The name and number: Adult vertebrae 26, including seven cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, sacral 1 (from 5 sacral vertebrae fused together), coccyx 1 (from 4 caudal fusion a).
(2)椎骨的一般结构： (2) General structure of the vertebrae of:
(3)各部椎骨的特点 (3) the characteristics of the ministries vertebrae
1)颈椎特点：①椎体较小。 1) cervical characteristics: ① vertebral small. ②横突有孔称横突孔。 ② transverse hole called the transverse foramen. ③棘突末端分叉。 ③ spinous split ends. ④特化颈椎有：第一颈椎，无椎体和棘突，呈环形，又称寰椎。 ④ cervical specialization are: first cervical vertebrae and no spinous process, annular, also known as the atlas. 第二颈椎，有齿突，又称枢椎。 The second cervical vertebra, there dens, also known as atlantoaxial. 第七颈椎，棘突特长，又称隆椎。 Seventh cervical spinous process expertise, also known as Long vertebra. 其棘突是计数椎骨的重要体表标志。 Spinous process is to count the vertebrae important landmarks.
2)胸椎特点：①胸椎体上和横突上有与肋相连结的肋凹。 2) thoracic Features: ① have links with the rib with transverse ribs and upper thoracic concave body. ②棘突向后下斜伸呈叠瓦状。 ② spinous process back under Xieshen imbricated.
3)腰椎特点：①椎体大。 3) lumbar characteristics: ① vertebral great. ②棘突呈板状水平后伸。 ② spinous level after plate-shaped stretch.
4)骶骨：呈三角形，前面主要结构有岬、骶前孔等。 4) sacrum: triangular cape in front of the main structure, presacral hole and so on. 后面主要结构有骶后孔、骶管裂孔和骶角等，骶角是骶管麻醉时重要的体表标志。 Behind the main structure of the sacral foramen, the sacral hiatus and sacral angle, sacral angle is caudal anesthesia important landmarks. 侧面主要结构有耳状面等。 Side of the main structure of the ear-shaped noodles.
5)尾骨：由4块尾椎融合而成。 5) coccyx: caudal vertebrae fused together by four.
各部椎骨特点 Ministries vertebrae Features
椎骨外形不规范 Vertebra shape irregularities
抓住要点能分辨 Miss the point can distinguish
颈椎体小棘分叉 Cervical spines are small bifurcation
横突有孔最明显 The most obvious transverse hole
胸椎连肋有肋凹 Even thoracic rib ribs concave
棘突叠瓦下斜尖 Under the spinous pitched shingled
腰椎承重体最大 The maximum load-bearing body lumbar
棘突后伸宽又扁 After the spinous stretched wide and flat
2． 2. 椎骨的连结 Link vertebrae
椎骨间的连结主要有椎间盘、韧带和关节等(图2-1)。 The main link between the vertebrae disc, ligaments and joints (Figure 2-1).
(1)椎间盘 (1) disc
1)位置：位于相邻椎体之间。 1) Location: Located between adjacent vertebral bodies.
2)构成：由纤维环和髓核构成。 2) composition: from the annulus and nucleus composition. 纤维环为环形的纤维软骨，连于上下椎体之间，髓核为胶冻状，位于中央。 Annulus annular fibrocartilage, is connected between the upper and lower vertebrae, the nucleus of jelly, in the center.
3)临床意义：纤维环后外侧较薄弱,用力过猛时可致髓核脱出而压迫脊神经。 3) Clinical significance: After the annulus outside of the relatively weak, disc prolapse can cause excessive force when spinal nerve compression.
椎间盘 Disc
椎体之间纤维环 The annulus between the vertebrae
胶状髓核在中间 Gelatinous nucleus in the middle
后外薄弱易脱出 After the easy-out outside the weak 压迫神经致痛瘫 Pain caused by nerve paralysis
(2)韧带 (2) the ligament
主要有五条，即三长两短。 There are five that should happen.
1)三条长韧带：①前纵韧带，连接于椎体之前。 1) three long ligament: ① anterior longitudinal ligament, before connecting to the vertebral body. ②后纵韧带，连接于椎体之后。 After ② longitudinal ligament, after connecting to the vertebral body. ③棘上韧带，连接于棘突之后。 ③ spine ligament, after connecting to the spinous process.
2)两条短韧带：①棘间韧带，连接于棘突之间。 2) two short ligament: ① interspinous ligament, the connection between the spinous processes. ②黄韧带，连接于椎弓之间。 ② yellow ligament, the connection between the arch.
3)临床意义：腰椎穿刺时由外向内依次经过的韧带是棘上韧带、棘间韧带、黄韧带。 3) Clinical significance: lumbar puncture when outside-turn after the ligament is the ligament, interspinous ligament, yellow ligament.
脊柱韧带及意义 Spinal ligament and significance
脊柱韧带，三长两短 Spinal ligament, something happens
腰椎穿刺，棘上棘间 Lumbar puncture, spine interspinous
再透黄韧，进入椎管 Then through yellow tough, into the spinal canal
3． 3. 脊柱的整体观 Overall view of the spine
(1)前面观：椎体自上而下依次增大，骶尾部又逐渐缩小，与承受体重压力密切相关。 (1) Front View: vertebrae increases from top to bottom, sacral and gradually narrowing, is closely related to the pressure to bear weight.
(2)后面观：棘突上下排列成一条直线。 (2) behind the concept: spinous arranged in a straight line from top to bottom. 各部棘突方向有所不同，颈部棘突较短，胸部棘突向后下呈叠瓦状排列，腰部棘突近水平后伸。 Spinous direction ministries differ spinous shorter neck, chest, back under the spinous process imbricated arrangement, waist spinous subhorizontal extension.
(3)侧面观：可见四个生理弯曲,即颈曲、胸曲、腰曲、骶曲。 (3) lateral view: see four physiological bending, that song neck, chest song, song lumbar and sacral song. 主要起减缓震荡作用。 Mainly from slowing shock effect. 其中，颈腰二曲凸向前，胸骶二曲凸向后。 Among them, the cervical and lumbar two convex forward, thoracic and sacral two protruding backwards.
脊柱的整体观 Overall view of the spine
上细下粗尾部尖 On the fine-coarse tail tip
承受压力密相关 Under pressure close correlation
后观棘突一条线 After a line concept spinous
颈短胸斜腰平扁 Short slant neck waist level flat chest
侧观生理四个弯 Four curved side view of physiology
线条大方又美观 Generous and beautiful lines
胸骶弯曲凸向后 Chest convex curved backward sacral
颈腰二曲凸向前 Cervical and lumbar two convex forward