三、颅骨及其连结 Third, the skull and its link
（一）颅的组成 Composition (a) cranial
颅骨共23块（不包括3对听小骨），分为脑颅和面颅。 A total of 23 of the skull (not including three pairs of ossicles), divided into cranial and facial skull.
(1)脑颅：包括顶骨 2 、 颞骨 2 (1) skull: Includes two parietal, temporal bone 2 、额骨 1 、枕骨 1 、 蝶骨 1 , A frontal, occipital 1, sphenoid 1 、 筛骨 1 。 , Ethmoid 1.
(2)面颅：包括泪骨 2 (2) facial skull: Includes 2 lacrimal bone
、颧骨 2 、腭骨 2 Cheekbones 2, palatine bone 2 、下鼻甲骨 2 , Nasal turbinates 2 、 上颌骨 2 , Maxillary 2
、鼻骨 2 、犁骨 1 、舌骨 1 、下颌骨 1 。 , Nasal 2, vomer a hyoid a mandible 1.
另有三对听小骨位于颞骨内部的中耳鼓室内。 Another three pairs of temporal bone ossicles located inside the eardrum interior.
（二）颅的整体观 Overall concept (two) cranial
1． 1. 颅顶观 Parietal outlook
成人颅顶借冠状缝、矢状缝、人字缝紧密连结，新生儿颅缝交界处由结缔组织膜封闭称颅囟。 Adult parietal by the coronal suture, sagittal suture, herringbone stitch close links to the junction of the neonatal cranial suture closure by connective tissue membrane called cranial skull.
颅顶观 Parietal outlook
颅顶借缝连结紧 Linked by tight seam parietal
三缝名为冠矢人 Three seam person named crown vector
婴颅骨化未完成 Infant skull of unfinished
缝间膜闭叫颅囟 Sutural film called cranial fontanelle closed
2． 2. 颅底内面观 View of the inner surface of the skull base
颅底内面凹凸不平，由前向后依次为颅前窝、颅中窝、颅后窝。 Skull inner surface is uneven, from front to back followed by the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior fossa.
(1)颅前窝：筛板、筛孔等。 (1) the anterior cranial fossa: sieve, sieve, etc.
(2)颅中窝：垂体窝、蝶鞍、圆孔、卵圆孔、棘孔、眶上裂、视神经管等。 (2) the middle cranial fossa: the pituitary fossa, sella, round, oval hole, spine hole, superior orbital fissure, optic tube.
(3)颅后窝：枕骨大孔、舌下神经管、内耳门、横窦沟、乙状窦沟、颈静脉孔等。 (3) the posterior fossa: the foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal, ear door ditch transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus sulcus, the jugular foramen and so on.
颅底内面观 View of the inner surface of the skull base
前窝中央是筛板 Fossa is a sieve before
筛孔通鼻嗅丝穿 Nasal olfactory wear wire mesh
中窝之中垂体窝 Among the pituitary fossa fossa
前高后高似蝶鞍 High to high like Sella
两侧圆孔卵圆孔 Both sides of the hole foramen ovale
棘孔位于最后边 Spine on the last hole edge
前部通眶眶上裂 Through the front of the superior orbital fissure orbital
圆形短管视觉连 Round vision even short tube
后窝中央是大孔 After the nest is a large central hole
前外舌下神经管 Former foreign hypoglossal canal
岩部后面内耳门 Petrous door behind ear
颈静脉孔二沟延 Jugular foramen two ditch extension
注：圆形短管 — 视神经管 Note: Round short tube - optic canal
二沟 — 横窦沟、乙 状窦沟 Two ditch - ditch transverse sinus, sigmoid sinus sulcus
3． 3. 颅底外面观 Outside view of the skull base
分前后两区，前低后高。 Before and after a two-zone, lower front and rear high.
(1)前区：主要有骨腭、牙槽弓、鼻后孔等结构。 (1) before the district: a major bone palate, alveolar arch, choanae and other structures.
(2)后区：中部是枕骨大孔，其它主要结构有枕外隆凸、颈静脉孔、茎突、茎乳孔、乳突、下颌窝。 (2) District: Central is the foramen magnum, the other main structure of the external occipital protuberance, the jugular foramen, styloid, stylomastoid hole, mastoid, mandibular fossa.
4． 4. 颅的侧面观 Skull lateral view
主要有外耳门、颧弓、颞窝、翼点等。 There are ear door, zygomatic arch, temporal fossa, wing points.
翼点：位于颞窝，是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨相交汇处。 Wing point: in the temporal fossa, is the frontal, parietal, temporal, butterfly four phrenology Interchange. 此处骨质薄弱，内有脑膜中动脉通过，外力打击易引起骨折而发生颅内出血。 Here the bone is weak, there by the middle meningeal artery, external forces can lead to fractures and blow intracranial hemorrhage.
翼点位置、意义 Wing position, meaning
翼点位于太阳穴 Wing point located temple
额顶颞蝶会颞窝 Frontoparietotemporal butterfly would temporal fossa
内有脑膜中动脉 There are meningeal artery
骨折皆因骨质薄 Because the thin bone fracture
5． 5. 颅的前面观 The front view of the cranial
(1)眶：略呈四棱锥形，容纳视器。 (1) orbital: slightly rectangular pyramid, hold the monitor. 主要结构有眶尖、眶口、眶上缘、眶上切迹、眶下缘、眶下孔、眶上裂、眶下裂、泪囊窝等。 The main structure of the orbital apex, orbital mouth, supraorbital margin, the supraorbital notch, inferior orbital rim, the infraorbital foramen, the superior orbital fissure, the inferior orbital fissure, lacrimal fossa.
(2)骨性鼻腔：位于面颅中央，前口为犁状孔，后口为鼻后孔。 (2) Nasal bone: Located in central skull face, before opening for the plow-shaped hole after hole after the opening of the nose.
(3)骨性鼻旁窦：是骨性鼻腔周围骨内含气腔隙。 (3) bone paranasal sinuses: a nasal bone surrounding bone cavities containing gas. 起减轻重量、发音共鸣作用。 From the weight reduction, to pronounce a resonance effect. 主要有额窦、筛窦、蝶窦、上颌窦四对。 There are frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary四right.
骨性鼻旁窦名称特点 Nasal sinus bone beside the name of the characteristics
鼻旁窦，如音箱 Paranasal sinuses, such as speakers
鼻腔周围骨内藏 Built around the nasal bone
额筛蝶窦上颌窦 Sphenoid sinus places sieve
都有开口通鼻腔 Has an opening through the nasal cavity
（三）颅的连结 Link (c) cranial
颅骨之间多为直接连结，只有下颌骨与颞骨之间形成颞下颌关节。 Between the skull and more direct link between the formation of the temporomandibular joint, only the mandible and the temporal bone.
1． 1. 颞下颌关节构成 Temporomandibular joint constitution
颞下颌关节由下颌骨的髁突（下颌头）与颞骨下颌窝及关节结节构成。 Temporomandibular joint by mandibular condyle (mandibular head) constitute the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and joint nodules.
2． 2. 颞下颌关节特点 Temporomandibular joint characteristics
颞下颌关节特点为：①关节腔内含有关节盘。 Temporomandibular joint is characterized by: ① joint cavity contains the articular disc. ②关节囊松弛，易脱位。 ② capsular laxity, easy dislocation.
颞下颌关节构成及特点 Composition and characteristics of the temporomandibular joint
下颌头，下颌窝 Head of mandible, mandibular fossa
构成关节功能多 Constitute a multi-joint function
关节腔有关节盘 The relevant section of the joint cavity plate
关节囊壁前薄弱 Weak front wall joints
咀嚼语言做表情 Chewing language expressions do
张口过大向前脱 Mouth off too much forward