（二）下肢骨及其连结 (B) the lower limb and links

1． 1. 下肢骨 Lower limb

每侧31块，包括髋骨 1 、股骨 1 、髌骨 1 、胫骨 1 、腓骨 1 、跗骨 7 、跖骨 5 、趾骨 14 。 Each side of the 31, including a hip, femur 1, a patella, tibia 1, a fibula, tarsus 7, 5 metatarsals, phalanges 14.

(1)髋骨：由髂骨、耻骨、坐骨三骨在髋臼处汇合而成。 (1) hip: the ilium, pubis, ischium three acetabular bone at the confluence.

髋骨的结构可归纳为三个一、三个二、三个三。 Hip bone structure can be summarized into three one, two three, three three.

髋骨主要结构 The main structure of the hip

髂耻坐骨三合一 Iliopubic ischial triple     一面一孔一个嵴 Side of a hole a ridge

二窝二线二切迹 Two nest tier two notch     三节三支三个棘 Three three three spines

注：一面 — 耳状面；一孔 — 闭孔；一个嵴 — 髂嵴；二窝 — 髂窝、髋臼；二线 — 弓状线、耻骨梳；二切迹 — 坐骨大切迹、坐骨小切迹；三节 — 髂结节、耻骨结节、坐骨结节；三支 — 坐骨支、耻骨上支、耻骨下支；三个棘 — 髂前上嵴、髂后上嵴、坐骨棘。 Note: one side - auricular surface; a hole - obturator; a ridge - the iliac crest; two nest - iliac fossa, the acetabulum; tier - arcuate line, pubic hair; two notch - the greater sciatic notch, small sciatic notch ; three - iliac tubercle, the pubic tubercle, ischial tuberosity; three - ischial support, the pubis, pubic next branch; three spine - the upper crest, iliac crest after the anterior superior iliac, ischial spines.

(2)股骨：是人体最粗大的长骨。 (2) Femur: It is the body's most thick long bones. 主要结构有股骨头、股骨颈、股骨体、大转子、小转子、内侧髁、外侧髁等。 The main structure of the femoral head, femoral neck, body, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, medial condyle, lateral condyle and so on.

(3)髌骨：略呈三角形。 (3) of the patella: slightly triangular. 位于股骨下端前方。 Located in front of the lower end of the femur.

(4)小腿骨：包括内侧的胫骨和外侧的腓骨，习惯称为 内胫外腓 。 (4) the lower leg: including the medial and lateral tibia fibula, tibia used to call outside Philippi.

1)胫骨：较粗大，主要结构有内侧髁、外侧髁、胫骨粗隆、内踝等。 1) tibia: coarse, the main structure of the medial condyle, lateral condyle, tibial tuberosity, medial malleolus and the like.

2)腓骨：较细小，主要结构有腓骨头、外踝等。 2) fibula: finer, the main structure has fibular head, lateral malleolus and the like.

(5)足骨：包括跗骨、跖骨、趾骨。 (5) foot bones: including tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges.

1)跗骨：共七块。 1) tarsal: A total of seven. 最上方的是距骨，距骨下为跟骨，距骨前有足舟骨。 Top of the talus, calcaneus under the talus, navicular bone in front of the talus there. 跟骨前接骰（音t ou）骨，足舟骨前接内、中、外侧三块楔（音x ie ）骨。 Calcaneal cuboid pick (sound t ou) bone, navicular bone in the front, middle and outside of the three wedge (sound x ie) bone.

跗骨名称 Tarsal name

距下有跟前接舟 Take a boat from under the front     舟前三楔跟前骰 Wedge in front of the boat in the first three dice

2)跖骨：由内向外依次为1、2、3、4、5跖骨。 2) metatarsal: from the inside out in order to 1,2,3,4,5 metatarsal.

3)趾骨：趾2块，其余各趾均三块。 3) toe:  toe 2, the rest of the toes are three.

2． 2. 下肢骨连结 Lower limb link

(1)骨盆 (1) pelvic

1)构成：由骶骨、尾骨和左右髋骨借骶髂关节、耻骨联合及韧带而构成。 1) composition: the sacrum, coccyx and left hip by the sacroiliac joints, and ligaments of the pubic symphysis and composition.

2)骨盆界线：由后向前依次为骶骨岬、弓状线、耻骨梳、耻骨联合上沿。 2) Pelvic boundaries: from back to front in order for the sacral promontory, the arcuate line, pubic hair, pubic symphysis along.

3)大小骨盆的划分：骨盆以界线为界分为大、小骨盆。 3) dividing the size of the pelvis: pelvis to the line as the boundary is divided into large and small pelvis. 界线以下为小骨盆。 The following is a small pelvis boundaries.

4)小骨盆的两口：小骨盆的上口即界线,下口由后向前依次为为尾骨尖、骶结节韧带、坐骨结节、坐骨支、耻骨下支、耻骨联合下沿。 4) small pelvis two: that the boundaries of the small pelvis catchy, under the mouth followed by a back to front tip of the coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ischial support, inferior pubic branch, along the pubic symphysis.

5)男女骨盆的形态差别见表2-2： 5) The difference between male and female pelvic morphology in Table 2-2:

表2-2 Table 2-2   男女骨盆的形态差别 Morphological differences between male and female pelvis

骨盆构成、分界及男女骨盆比较 Pelvic structure, boundaries and compare male and female pelvis

骶骨尾骨两髋骨 Sacrum coccyx two hip     构成骨盆起保护 Constitute pelvis protective

界线以下小骨盆 BOUNDARY small pelvis     男窄女宽很清楚 Male Female narrow width is very clear

男腔漏斗女腔桶 Male female cavity chamber funnel barrel     男小女大看角度 Male great to see my daughter angle

(2)髋关节 (2) of the hip  

1)构成：由髋臼和股骨头构成。 1) composition: the acetabulum and femoral head composition.

2)主要特点：①股骨头圆小、髋臼由髋臼唇加深。 2) Main features: ① small round femoral acetabular deepened by acetabular lip. ②关节囊厚而坚韧、只有后下壁稍薄弱。 ② joint capsule thick and tough, just a little weak after the next wall. ③囊内囊外均有韧带加强，囊外为髂股韧带、囊内为股骨头韧带。 ③ intracapsular extracapsular ligaments are strengthened, extracapsular for iliofemoral ligament, intracapsular femoral head ligament.

髋关节构成及特点 Composition and characteristics of the hip

股骨头圆髋臼深 Round deep femoral acetabular     髋臼周缘髋臼唇 Acetabulum periphery of the acetabular lip

外内韧带髂股头 External iliac and femoral head ligament     囊薄后下余坚韧 After more than a thin sac under tough

(3)膝关节 (3) the knee  

1)构成：由股骨内外侧髁、胫骨内外侧髁和髌骨构成。 1) composition: the lateral femoral condyle inside, medial and lateral tibial condyle and patella composition.

2)主要特点：①是最大最复杂的关节。 2) Main features: ① is the largest and most complex joints. ②关节囊松弛但韧带发达，囊外有髌韧带、囊内有前后交叉韧带。 ② capsular ligament laxity but developed extracapsular have patellar ligament, posterior cruciate ligament capsule before and after. ③关节腔内有呈“C”形的内侧半月板和呈“O”的外侧半月板，以加强稳固性和适应性（图2-3）。 ③ joint cavity was "C" shape of the medial meniscus and was "O" of the lateral meniscus, to strengthen stability and adaptability (Figure 2-3).

膝关节特点 Knee Features

膝关节，最复杂 Knee, the most complex     承受压力也最大 Withstand the maximum pressure

关节囊松韧带补 Capsular ligaments loose fill     髌下韧带最发达 Under most developed patellar ligament

内C外O半月板 C O within the outer meniscus     前后韧带相交叉 Before crossing ligament

注：髌下韧带 — 髌骨下方的韧带，即髌韧带。 Note: The patellar ligament - below the patella ligament, that the patellar ligament.

(4)足关节 (4) foot joint

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