第一节 Section
中枢神经系统 CNS
一、脊髓 A spinal cord
（一）位置 (A) Location
脊髓位于椎管内，上端在平枕骨大孔处接延髓，下端平第1腰椎体下缘。 Located in the spinal cord, the upper level of the foramen magnum in connection medulla oblongata, the lower level of the first lumbar lower edge. 新生儿下平第3腰椎，故临床常在3、4或4、5腰椎之间进行穿刺。 Under level 3 neonatal lumbar spine, it is often clinically between 3,4 or 4,5 lumbar puncture.
（二）外形 (B) the shape
脊髓呈前后略扁的细长圆柱状，长约40~45cm。 Spinal cord was around a little flat elongated cylindrical, about 40 ~ 45cm. 主要外形可归结为六纵沟、二膨大、一圆锥、一终丝。 Shape can be attributed to the six main vertical grooves, two swollen, a cone, a final wire.
1． 1. 六纵沟 Six longitudinal groove
前正中裂 1 、后正中沟 1 、前外侧沟 2 、后外侧沟 2 。 Before the middle of a crack after a median ditch, ditch two anterolateral, posterolateral sulcus 2.
2． 2. 二膨大 Two enlargement
颈膨大和腰骶膨大。 Neck swelling and lumbosacral enlargement.
3． 3. 一圆锥 A cone
脊髓末端变细呈圆锥状,称为脊髓圆锥。 Spinal cord ends tapering conical, called conus.
4． 4. 一终丝 A final wire
脊髓圆锥下续为终丝，周围被马尾包绕。 Under the conus continued for the final wire, surrounded by wrapped ponytail.
（三）脊髓节段 (C) the spinal segment
1． 1. 概念 Concept
每段脊神经相连的一段脊髓称为脊髓节段，简称脊髓节。 Attached to each section of the spinal cord spinal nerve called spinal segments, referred to as spinal cord.
2． 2. 节段分布 Segmental distribution
共31节，其中颈节8、胸节12、腰节5、骶节5、尾节1。 A total of 31, including 8 knots neck, chest section 12, section 5 lumbar, sacral section 5, a tail section.
3． 3. 脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系 Correspondence between the vertebrae of the spinal segments
颈节1~4：与同名椎骨基本平齐。 Neck section 1-4: vertebra substantially flush with the same name.
颈节5~胸节4：与同名椎骨减去一椎后平齐。 Section 5 - chest neck section 4: same name minus one vertebra after vertebra flush.
胸节5~8：与同名椎骨减去二椎后平齐。 Thoracic segments 5-8: with the same name, minus the two vertebrae vertebral flush.
胸节9~12：与同名椎骨减去三椎后平齐。 Thoracic segments 9-12: with the same name minus three vertebrae vertebral after flush.
腰节1~5：相当于第10~11胸椎体。 Lumbar section 1-5: the equivalent of 10 to 11 thoracic body.
骶节1~5、尾节：相当于第1腰椎体。 Sacral section 1-5, tail sections: the equivalent of the first lumbar.
脊髓节段与椎骨的对应关系 Correspondence between the vertebrae of the spinal segments
脊髓节段三十一 Thirty-one spinal segment
节椎名同位不一 Section Shiina mixed with bits
颈节一四还算齐 Neck section fourteen fairly homogeneous
颈五胸四减去一 Neck chest five four minus one
中胸减二下减三 In the chest under the minus three minus two
腰节平胸十十一 Lumbar flat chest X XI
骶尾节对一腰椎 Section for a lumbar sacral
定位诊断有据依 Diagnosis of evidence in accordance with
（四）内部结构 (D) the internal structure
1． 1. 灰质 GRAY
位于中央管周围，整体上呈柱状，断面似蝶形，分前角、后角、侧角等。 Located around the central canal, the whole columnar, like the butterfly section, sub-rake angle, clearance angle, side angle.
(1)前角：含有前角运动神经元，发出运动纤维，参与前根的组成。 (1) before the horn: Contains anterior horn motor neurons, issuing motor fibers, consisting of pre-roots participation.
(2)后角：含有联络神经元，接受后根的传入信息。 (2) After the horn: Contains contact neurons, after receiving the root of the incoming information.
(3)侧角：含有内脏运动（即自主神经）交感神经元的胞体，此角只存在于T 1 ~L 3 节段。 (3) lateral angle: contains visceral movement (ie autonomic nerves) cell bodies of sympathetic neurons, this angle exists only in section 1 ~ L 3 T segment. 在S 2~4 节段相当于侧角位置有副交感神经元的胞体。 S is equivalent to the angular position of the side in 2-4 segments have parasympathetic neurons soma.
脊髓灰质特征 Characteristics of polio
纵行三根柱 Wale three Genzhu
横断似蝶舞 Transection like Splendor
前动后感觉 After feeling before moving
中间要自主 Middle to independent
2． 2. 白质 White matter
位于灰质周围，由上行、下行的纤维束构成。 Located around the gray matter, the upstream and downstream of the fiber bundles. 被表面纵沟分为三部，即前索、外侧索、后索。 Is divided into three longitudinal groove surface, that is, before cable, lateral cable after cable.
(1)前索：上行纤维是脊髓丘脑前束，下行纤维束是皮质脊髓前束。 (1) before the search: ascending fibers before spinothalamic tract downstream fiber bundle is corticospinal toe.
(2)外侧索：上行纤维是脊髓丘脑侧束，下行纤维束是皮质脊髓侧束。 (2) outside of the cable: up fiber bundle is spinothalamic side, downstream fiber bundle is lateral corticospinal tract.
脊髓丘脑前束和脊髓丘脑侧束合为脊髓丘脑束，传导躯干和四肢浅感觉。 Spinothalamic toe and lateral spinothalamic bundle together as spinothalamic tract, torso and limbs superficial sensory conduction. 皮质脊髓前束和皮质脊髓侧束合为皮质脊髓束，管理躯干和四肢的随意运动。 Before the corticospinal tract and lateral corticospinal tract close to the corticospinal tract, the management of voluntary movement of the trunk and limbs.
(3)后索：为上行的薄束和楔束，传导躯干和四肢深感觉。 (3) after the cable: for upstream thin beam and wedge beam, deep sensory conduction of the trunk and limbs.
脊髓白质特征 Characteristics of the spinal cord white matter
脊髓白质三个索 Three spinal cord white matter
下行运动上感觉 Feeling the downstream movement
薄楔在后深感觉 After deep feeling thin wedges
外侧前索是混合 Anterolateral cord is mixed
皮质脊髓管运动 Corticospinal tube movement
脊髓丘脑浅感觉 Spinothalamic shallow feeling
（五）脊髓功能 (Five) of spinal cord function
1． 1. 传导 Conduct
2． 2. 反射 Reflection