第一节 Section
消化管 Digestive tract
一、口腔 An oral
（一）位置 (A) Location
口腔是消化管的起始处，借口唇与外界相通，借咽峡与咽相续。 Oral is the beginning of the digestive tract, excuse lip and the outside world, through the pharyngeal phase continued with angina.
（二）分部 (B) Division
口腔以上、下颌牙咬合为界分为口腔前庭和固有口腔。 Above the mouth, jaw teeth bite into the buccal cavity and is bounded by the inherent mouth.
（三）牙 (Three) tooth
牙是最坚硬的器官，嵌于牙槽中。 Teeth are the hardest organ embedded in the alveolar.
1． 1. 形态分部 Form Division
牙按形态可分为牙冠、牙根、牙颈。 Dental crowns can be divided according to morphology, root, tooth neck.
2． 2. 构造 Structure
牙的构造包括牙质、牙釉质、粘合质。 Including dentin tooth structure, enamel, adhesive quality. 牙质为主体，牙釉质覆盖于牙冠表面，粘合质也称牙骨质，包在牙根、牙颈周围。 Dentin as the main body, enamel covering the crown surface, the adhesive substance, also known as cementum, wrapped in root teeth around the neck.
牙的形态、构造 Shape teeth, constructed
牙齿嵌于牙槽中 Teeth embedded in the alveolar
共分三部冠根颈 Divided into three crown crown
牙质构成牙主体 Constitute the main tooth dentin
根颈骨质包一层 Root collar bone wrapped in a layer
釉质覆于牙冠上 Overlying enamel crown
瓷白光亮最坚硬 Porcelain white light hardest
牙髓位于牙腔中 Located in dental pulp cavity
根尖小孔牙槽通 Apical alveolar through holes
龋洞加深及牙髓 Deepen and pulp cavities
三叉神经传剧痛 Trigeminal nerve transmission of pain
3． 3. 牙的名称及排列 Name and arrangement of teeth
(1)乳牙的排列： (1) deciduous arrangement:
右上颌Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ│Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 左上颌 Right maxillary Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ│Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ left maxillary
右下颌Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ│Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ 左下颌 Right mandibular Ⅴ Ⅳ Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅰ│Ⅰ Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ Ⅴ left mandibular
Ⅰ — 乳中切牙 Ⅰ - milk incisors
Ⅱ — 乳侧切牙 Ⅱ - Milk lateral incisor
Ⅲ — 乳尖牙 Ⅲ - Rujian teeth
Ⅳ — 第一乳磨牙 Ⅳ - first deciduous molars
Ⅴ — 第二乳磨牙 Ⅴ - second primary molars
(2)恒牙的排列 (2) the arrangement of permanent teeth
右上颌8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1│1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 左上颌 Right maxillary 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1│1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 left maxillary
右下颌8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1│1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 左下颌 Right mandibular 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1│1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 left mandibular
1 — 中切牙 1 - incisor
2 — 侧切牙 2 - lateral incisor
3 — 尖牙 4 — 第一前磨牙 3 - Canine 4 - first premolars
5 — 第二前磨牙 6 — 第一磨牙 5 - second premolar 6 - first molar
7 — 第二磨牙 7-- second molar
8：第三磨牙 8: third molars
4． 4. 牙的萌出 Tooth eruption
牙的萌出 Tooth eruption
生后六月始萌发 Germination begins after birth in June
一岁左右已有八 About one year old has eight
三岁以前要出齐 Three years ago to be a homogeneous
六到八岁换恒牙 Six to eight permanent change
5． 5. 牙周组织 Periodontal tissue
包括牙槽骨、牙周膜、牙龈。 Including alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, gingiva.
（四）舌 (D) the tongue
舌位于口腔底，以“ V”形界沟分为舌前2/3的舌体和舌后1/3的舌根。 Tongue, floor of the mouth is located in "V" shaped sulcus into the tongue after tongue Tongue 2/3 and 1/3 of the tongue. 舌的构造主要包括舌粘膜和舌肌。 Tongue structure includes tongue mucosa and tongue.
1． 1. 舌粘膜 Tongue mucosa
舌粘膜淡红，表面有许多舌乳头。 Pink tongue mucosa, the surface has a lot of tongue papillae. 轮廓乳头和菌状乳头主管味觉，丝状乳头接受触觉刺激。 Fungiform papillae and taste papillae director, filiform papillae accept tactile stimulation.
2． 2. 舌肌 Tongue
(1)舌内肌：构成舌的主体。 (1) within the tongue muscles: constitute the main body of the tongue.
(2)舌外肌：为一对颏舌肌，一侧收缩可使舌尖伸向对侧，双侧收缩可使舌尖伸向前方。 (2) the tongue muscles: a pair of genioglossus, the tongue can shrink toward the contralateral side, both sides can shrink toward the front of the tongue.
舌的形态、构造 Tongue morphology, structure
舌外粘膜舌内肌 Foreign tongue mucosa tongue muscle
V 形界沟分根体 V-shaped sulcus split-root body
舌面粘膜乳头多 Multi-lingual mucosa nipple
各有功能要牢记 Each function to remember
轮廓菌状主味觉 Fungiform taste outline the main
触觉刺激丝丝系 Cecil tactile stimulation system
（五）口腔腺 (E) oral gland
口腔腺主要有腮腺、下颌下腺、舌下腺三对。 Parotid gland mainly oral, submandibular gland, sublingual gland三right.
1． 1. 腮腺 Parotid
位于耳的前下，腺管横过咬肌前， 开口于正对上颌第二磨牙的颊粘膜上。 Located in front of the ear before the next, across the masseter duct openings on opposite the maxillary second molar buccal mucosa.
腮腺 Parotid
耳廓前下有腮腺 Under pre-auricular parotid
腺管横过咬肌前 Duct before crossing the masseter
开口上颌颊粘膜 Maxillary buccal opening 正对第二磨牙边 Is on the side of the second molar
2． 2. 下颌下腺 Submandibular
位于下颌体深面，开口于舌下阜。 Mandibular body located deep surface, opening in sublingual Fu.
3． 3. 舌下腺 Sublingual gland
位于舌深面，开口于舌下阜和舌下襞。 Located in the deep surface of the tongue, opening in Mons and sublingual sublingual fold.