A sophisticated Checksum (often abbreviated CRC), which is based on the algebra of polynomials over the integers (mod 2). It is substantially more reliable in detecting transmission errors, and is one common error-checking protocol used in modems.
See also Checksum, Error-Correcting Code
References
Press, W. H.; Flannery, B. P.; Teukolsky, S. A.; and Vetterling, W. T. ``Cyclic Redundancy and Other Checksums.'' Ch. 20.3 in
Numerical Recipes in FORTRAN: The Art of Scientific Computing, 2nd ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 888-895, 1992.