A Prime always satisfies the condition that is divisible by . However, this condition is not true exclusively for Primes (e.g., is divisible by ). Composite Numbers (such as 341) for which is divisible by are called Poulet Numbers, and are a special class of Fermat Pseudoprimes. The Chinese hypothesis is a special case of Fermat's Little Theorem.
See also Carmichael Number, Euler's Theorem, Fermat's Little Theorem, Fermat Pseudoprime, Poulet Number, Pseudoprime
References
Shanks, D. Solved and Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 4th ed. New York: Chelsea, pp. 19-20, 1993.