The Fermat quotient for a number and a Prime base is defined as
(1) |
(2) | |||
(3) | |||
(4) |
See also Wieferich Prime
References
Crandall, R. Projects in Scientific Computation. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.
Lehmer, D. H. ``On Fermat's Quotient, Base Two.'' Math. Comput. 36, 289-290, 1981.