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Complex Branches of Inverse function 2

This is the continuation of a previous presentation.

  • cosh(x)

    The hyperbolic cosine differs from the sine merely in the sign of the exponential. Solving for this gives

    coshw=ew +ew 2 =z e2w -2zew +1 =0 ew =z ±z2-1 w=cosh1z =ln(z ±z2-1 )

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse hyperbolic cosine on an arbitrary branch is

    cosh1z =ln(z ±z2-1 ) +2πni

    The individual branches look like this:

    One half of each branch again comes from using the plus sign on the square root, the other half from the minus sign. The lines where clearly discordant colors meet are again where transitions to higher or lower branches occur.

    The real part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the imaginary part moves up and down in value. Visualize the imaginary part of several branches simultaneously:

  • cos(x)

    The circular cosine differs from the hyperbolic cosine in having imaginary units in the exponential. Solving for this gives

    cosw=eiw +eiw 2 =z e2iw -2zeiw +1 =0 eiw =z ±z2-1 w=cos1z =1iln(z ±z2-1 )

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse circular cosine on an arbitrary branch is

    cos1z =1iln(z ±z2-1 ) +2πn

    The individual branches look like this:

    The imaginary part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the real part moves up and down in value. Visualize the real part of several branches simultaneously:

  • sech(x)

    The hyperbolic secant is the algebraic inverse of the hyperbolic cosine. Solving for the exponential gives

    sechw=2ew +ew =z ze2w -2ew +z =0 ew =1 ±1-z2 z w=sech1z =ln(1 ±1-z2 z)

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse hyperbolic secant on an arbitrary branch is

    sech1z =ln(1 ±1-z2 z) +2πni

    The individual branches look like this:

    The real part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the imaginary part moves up and down in value. Visualize the imaginary part of several branches simultaneously:

  • sec(x)

    The circular secant differs from the hyperbolic secant in having imaginary units in the exponential. Solving for this gives

    secw=2 eiw +eiw =z ze2iw -2eiw +z =0 eiw =1 ±1-z2 z w=sec1z =1iln(1 ±1-z2 z)

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse circular secant on an arbitrary branch is

    sec1z =1iln(1 ±1-z2 z) +2πn

    The individual branches look like this:

    The imaginary part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the real part moves up and down in value. Visualize the real part of several branches simultaneously:

  • csch(x)

    The hyperbolic cosecant is the algebraic inverse of the hyperbolic sine. Solving for the exponential gives

    cschw=2ew -ew =z ze2w -2ew -z =0 ew =1 ±z2+1 z w=csch1z =ln(1 ±z2+1 z)

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse hyperbolic cosecant on an arbitrary branch is

    csch1z =ln(1 ±z2+1 z) +2πni

    The individual branches look like this:

    The real part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the imaginary part moves up and down in value. Visualize the imaginary part of several branches simultaneously:

  • csc(x)

    The circular cosecant differs from the hyperbolic cosecant in having imaginary units in the exponential, plus an extra factor. Solving for the exponential gives

    cscw=2i eiw -eiw =z ze2iw -2ieiw -z =0 eiw =i ±z2-1 z w=csc1z =1iln(i ±z2-1 z)

    Applying the behavior of the logarithm, the inverse circular cosecant on an arbitrary branch is

    csc1z =1iln(i ±z2-1 z) +2πn

    The individual branches look like this:

    The imaginary part of this function retains the same numerical value between branches, while the real part moves up and down in value. Visualize the real part of several branches simultaneously:

    And that completes the inventory of individual functions.

    Complex

    1. complex - complex function - complex math
    2. complex animate(z) for phase animation, the independent variable must be z.
    3. complex plot(z) for phase and/or modulus, the independent variable must be z.
    4. complex2D(x) for complex 2 curves of real and imag parts, the independent variable must be x.
    5. complex3D(x) for 3 dimensional graph, the independent variable must be x.
    6. color WebXR surface of complex function on complex plane
    7. Riemann surface - Complex Branches - complex coloring

    References

    1. math handbook content 2 chapter 10 complex function
    2. math handbook content 3 chapter 10 complex function
    3. math handbook content 4 chapter 10 complex function
    4. Complex analysis
    
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