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若

$\left( {k,m} \right) = 1$ ，则

$k^{\phi \left( m \right)} \equiv 1\left( {\bmod m} \right)$ 式中

$\phi \left( m \right)$ 为欧拉函数．

费马小定理

若p为素数，则对所有整数a，有

$a^p \equiv a\left( {\bmod p} \right)$ 也可写作：

$a^{p - 1} \equiv 1\left( {\bmod p} \right)$ 显然费马定理是欧拉定理的特例．

欧拉定理证明（费马小定理证明）

设

$a_1 ,a_2 , \cdots a_{\phi \left( m \right)}$ 构成m的一缩剩余系，若

$\left( {k,m} \right) = 1$ ，则

$ka_1 ,ka_2 , \cdots ka_{\phi \left( m \right)}$ 这

$\phi \left( m \right)$ 个数都与m互素，对于其中任意两个

$ka_i$ 和

$ka_j$ ，这两个数的差为

$k\left( {a_i - a_j } \right)$ ，显然这个数不能被m整除，所以

$ka_i$ 和

$ka_j$ 对m不同余，因此

$ka_1 ,ka_2 , \cdots ka_{\phi \left( m \right)}$ 构成一缩剩余系．因此有

$a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{\phi \left( m \right)} \equiv ka_1 ka_2 \cdots ka_{\phi \left( m \right)} \equiv k^{\phi \left( m \right)} a_1 a_2 \cdots a_{\phi \left( m \right)} \left( {\bmod m} \right)$ 再由同余性质5°，得到

$k^{\phi \left( m \right)} \equiv 1\left( {\bmod m} \right)$

问题？

$(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 = sin(x-1)sin(y-1)$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 -cosh(y)-sinh(y)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-int y(x) (dx)^(0.8)-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $int y(x) (dx)^0.5 -y-exp(x)$ =0 == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-exp(y)x=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-exp(y)y=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=cos(x)/xy$ == ? $y(dy^0.5)/dx^0.5-sqrt(x)-1=0$ == ? $(d^1.2y)/(dx^1.2)-2(d^0.6y)/dx^0.6+y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=cos(y)exp(x)x$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-2(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8+y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-exp(y)sqrt(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-3 (d^0.8y)/dx^0.8+2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5$ +log(y-1)-exp(x)-x=0 == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-exp(y)sin(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 = ysin(x)/x$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x) -4 exp(x)y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(dy^0.5)/dx^0.5 = 1/(x-y)$ == ? $dy/dx-(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5$ - y - exp(x)=0 == ? $(dy)/dx -exp(y-1)-x-x^2=0$ == ? $(d^1.2y)/(dx^1.2)-3dy^0.6/dx^0.6+2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $dy/dx-(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-y-1$ =0 == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-cos(y)sin(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-y-exp(4x)=0$ == ? $dy/dx-exp(y-1)-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(dy)/dx - 2(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 -e^(4x)-y$ =0 == ? $y^((0.5))(x) - exp(x)y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x) - exp(x)y-4exp(x)=0$ == ? $(dy)/dx -3(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 +2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-sqrt(x)-1=0$ == ? $y^((1))(x)-exp(y-1)-x=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-y-exp(4x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 - log(y-1) - exp(x) + x=0$ == ? $(dy)/dx +asin(y-1) - cos(x)-x=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-3(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8+2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(dy)/(dx) -sqrt(y-1)-x-1 =0$ == ? $(dy)/(dx) -exp(y-1)-exp(x) = 0$ == ? $(dy)/dx$ +asinh(y-1)-cosh(x)-x =0 == ? $((d^(1/2)y)/dx^(1/2))^2 -3y (dy^0.5)/dx^0.5 + 2y^2 = 0$ == ? $(dy^0.5)/dx^0.5 = cos(x)cos(y-1)$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 +log(y-1)-exp(x)-x=0$ == ? $(dy^0.5)/dx^0.5 = sin(x-1)exp(y-1)$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-(dy/dx)^2+1=0$ == ? $y^((1))(x)-exp(y-1)-log(x)=0$ == ? $(d^2y)/dx^2 exp(x)- exp(y-1)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-2 (d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-2 (d^0.8y)/dx^0.8+y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $(dy)/dx -3 (d^0.5y)/dx^0.5+2y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x) - xy-x=0$ == ? $y(dy^3)/dx^3-x^3-3x^2-3x-1=0$ == ? $y^((1.8))(x)-2y^((0.9))(x) +y-1=0$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x)=1/(xy-1)$ == ? $y^((2))(x)y^2-x^2-2x-1=0$ == ? $((d^0.5y)/dx^0.5)^2 -5(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5 +6=0$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x) -2 exp(x)y-4exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y^(0.5)(x)=2yexp(x)$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x)-exp(x)y^2=0$ == ? $(d^1.6y)/(dx^1.6)-2(d^0.8y)/dx^0.8+y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y^((1))(x)-y^2-xy=0$ == ? $y^((1))(x)-y^((0.5))(x) -y-1=0$ == ? $y^((2))(x) -y^2-x^2=0$ == ? $y^((2))(x) -y^2-x^2-2xy=0$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x) -int y(x) (dx)^0.5-y-exp(x)=0$ == ? $d^0.5/dx^0.5 y -2cos(y)exp(x)=0$ == ? $d^0.5/dx^0.5 y -4sin(y)exp(x)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=sin(x^2)y$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-sin(x)sin(y)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-sinh(x)sinh(y)=0$ == ? $y^((1))(x)=exp(x-y)-x$ == ? $x(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-y-2x=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=sinh(x-1)sinh(y-1)$ == ? $y^((0.5))(x)-exp(-x)y^2=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=y/xsin(x)$ == ? $(dy)/dx-sin(x-y)-1=0$ == ? $(d^2.5y)/dx^2.5=y(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5=y(dy)/dx$ == ? $(d^(2-i)y)/dx^(2-i)- y+x=0$ == ? $(d^2y)/dx^2=y^3x^2$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-x^2-3x-1=0$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-2x^2-3x-1=0$ == ? $(y-x-1)(d^2y)/dx^2-3x-1=0$ == ? $y^2(d^2y)/dx^2-x^2-4x-4=0$ == ? $(y-x-1)(d^2y)/dx^2-x^2-4x-4=0$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-2x^2-2x-1=0$ == ? $y(d^3y)/dx^3-6x^3-3x^2-3x-1=0$ == ? $y^((0))(x)y^((1))(x)y^((2))(x)=x^2$ == ? $y^((3))(x)y^((2))(x)=y^((1/2))(x)$ == ? $y^((3))(x)=exp(x)y^((1))(x)y^((1/2))(x)$ == ? $y^((1/2))(x)y^((3))(x)=exp(x)$ == ? $y^((1/2))(x)y^((2))(x)=exp(x)$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-2xy-1=0$ == ? $y^2(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-x^2-4x-4=0$ == ? $exp(y-1)(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-x=0$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-(x-2)(2x-4)=0$ == ? $y(d^3y)/dx^3-6x^3-4x^2-4x-1=0$ == ? $exp(y-1)(d^2y)/dx^2-exp(x)=0$ == ? $y^2(d^2y)/dx^2-x^2-1=0$ == ? $1/y^2(d^2y)/dx^2-x^2-1=0$ == ? $(y-x-1)(d^3y)/dx^3-(x-2)(2x-4)(3x-1)=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-2x^2y^2-8x^2=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-2xy^2-8x=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-y^2-2y-2=0$ == ? $(d^0.5y)/dx^0.5-log(y-1)exp(x)=0$ == ? $y(d^2y)/dx^2-(dy/dx)^2-1=0$ == ? $(d^2y)/dx^2-asin(y-1)-sin(x)-x=0$ == ? $dy/dx(x--y)-x--y-1 = 0$ == ?

欧拉定理与费马定理

欧拉定理

费马小定理

欧拉定理证明（费马小定理证明）

问题 ？

问题？